Mardi 20 janvier 2009 2 20 /01 /Jan /2009 09:30

Summary: The person who "speaks" in the text is often the "narrator", or a character in the text, and is not the same person as the author of the text.

There's one other thing that students need to be mindful of and that is the difference between the author and the speaker. For example, there is a temptation to think that the person who speaks in Jane Eyre (that is, Jane Eyre herself because she's telling her own story) is the author, Charlotte Bronte. That is, we tend to think that the character Jane Eyre is authoritative, has the last word, and therefore that we should accept what Jane says in judgement of other people. If we believe Jane Eyre to be a "reliable" narrator, it ought to be because of who she is, because of what we know about her character, not because she is Charlotte Bronte's "representative".

The difference between the speaker and the author is crucial in respect of poetry. Because so many poems are short and so many poems use the first person, and because there are times where the poet has used identifiably biographical experiences, the temptation is to say that it is the poet himself or herself who is speaking.

I don't object actually to students saying "the poet says" as an unidentified or general "poet speaker", but what I do object to is "John Donne or William Wordsworth was feeling this on a particular day..." So the distinction between the speaker and the author is a useful one; it allows for much more flexibility and sensitivity to interpretation of the literary text.

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It's important when you are writing your essay to make sure that it is a unified piece of work. In other words, what you are arguing for in your opening paragraph - or the claims you make about the piece of literature that you are interpreting - these need to be supported and developed in the succeeding paragraphs. The conclusion of the essay should relate to the opening paragraph, so if you find that the key terms in the opening paragraphs are not visible in the concluding paragraph, that might be a sign that you've wandered from the point. So be definite in your exposition at the beginning of the essay and make sure that you carry over the sense of your argument from paragraph to paragraph. Don't get led away into generalities.

The best thing to do when you are writing an essay is to remind yourself of the key terms of the topic that you are writing on. Ask yourself in relation to each of your own paragraphs: Is this a paragraph that is relevant to the topic that I undertook to answer? You don't ask yourself whether the paragraph is relevant to something important, say in Jane Eyre, which it may well be, but what you ask yourself is whether the paragraph is relevant to that aspect of Jane Eyre that you were going to discuss. So relevance to the topic takes priority over relevance to the text.

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